The Zarb Instrument (Tombak, Tonbak, Donbak, Dombak)







ZARB - (ضَرب or ضرب), also tombak, tonbak, donbak, dombak (تنپک, تنبک, دنبک، تمپک), is a goblet drum from Persia (ancient Iran). It is considered the principal percussion instrument of Persian music. The tonbak is normally positioned diagonally across the torso while the player uses one or more fingers and/or the palm(s) of the hand(s) on the drumhead, often (for a ringing timbre) near the drumhead's edge. Sometimes tonbak players wear metal finger rings for an extra-percussive "click" on the drum's shell. The instrument is also played with all ten fingers, producing rolls using all fingers and also snaps & strikes on the side of the drum that allows for complex rhythmic patterns unique to the Zarb drum amongst all percussion instruments of the world!







The above drum is over 80 years old, it was hand crafted, hand carved and hand chiseled, drums are not made like this anymore. The drum has the authentic features of a proper historical drum with 90° angles (is not round and fat) and as such has better acoustics and sound. This is Shirzad's most prized musical instrument and main drum.

Shirzad also likes to play on tonbaks that are inlaid with khatamkari work.

Khātam (Persian: خاتم‎) is an ancient Persian technique of inlaying. It is a version of marquetry where art forms are made by decorating the surface of wooden articles with delicate pieces of wood, bone and metal precisely-cut intricate geometric patterns. Khatam-kari (Persian: خاتم‌کاری‎) or khatam-bandi (Persian: خاتم‌بندی‎) refers to the art of crafting a khatam. Common materials used in the construction of inlaid articles are gold, silver, brass, aluminum and twisted wire.

Designing of inlaid articles is a highly elaborate process. There are sometimes more than 400 pieces per square inch in a work of average quality. In each cubic centimeter of inlaid work, up to approximately 250 pieces of metal, bone, ivory and different kinds of wood are laid side by side, glued together in stages, smoothed, oiled and polished. Inlaid articles in the Safavid era took on a special significance as artists created their precious artworks. Woods used include betel, walnut, cypress and pine.



The Tanbur Instrument (طنبور)









The original two-stringed Kurdish/Persian tanbur (aka, tanbour, tambur) is the forefather of all stringed instruments in the world and dates back many thousands of years. The tanbur has a deep pear shaped body with a long neck. The instrument is traditionally made of Mulberry wood and is fretted with cat or cow guts. The metal strings are fastened with front and side tuning pegs. In ancient times the tanbur had strings of guts. For many centuries the pear shaped body of the instrument was carved from a single piece of wood.

The tanbur and its name date back before recorded history. Historians cannot agree about the exact origins of the Kurdish/Persian tanbur, however the first documentation of its existence comes from ancient Babylon. There is also documentation in the form of Egyptian bas-relief sculptures that prove the instrument was in use in the 26th dynasty of Egypt (circa 600 B.C.). The ancient Greeks named it the pandoura.

The name tanbur has unfortunately been applied to dozens of different instruments worldwide creating a great deal of confusion. The instrument is also known to have been used by the Zoroastrians and in the Sassanian courts (AD 224–651).

Shah Khoshin, a saint of the Ahl-e Haqq helped popularize the instrument during the 12th century. The Kurdish tanbur and its melodies were used in spiritual gatherings (Zekr, Jam) of the Ahl-e Haqq (a.k.a. Ahl-e Hakk, Ahl-I Haqq) for meditation and chanting purposes ever since the 14th century. Up to the 20th century the instrument was considered so sacred that it was not to be played for people outside of the Ahl-e Haqq order. Its melodies and modes were so heavily guarded that they were only passed down from master to disciple.

As with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium, the evolution of the tanbur, its melodies, and style of playing were also characterized by long periods of virtual standstill, “punctuated" by episodes of very fast development.

For thousands of years up to the beginning of the 20th century, the Kurdish/Persian tanbur only had two strings. In the early part of the 20th century, Nur Ali Elahi (a.k.a., Ostad Elahi, Nour Ali Elahi, Nur Ali Nemati, Hajj Nur Ali, Nur Ali Shah) a peerless master of the tanbur added a third string which is tuned to the same pitch as the bottom string. He also added a 14th fret. Nur Ali Elahi’s innovations and contributions to the tanbur were extremely important and advanced the instrument to new levels.

Beyond the physical facelift the tanbur received in the 20th century, it’s method of playing also became a lot more advanced.

Shirzad Sharif has also added a deep toned bass fourth string to the instrument allowing for a deeper resonance and additional playing techniques. Read more about it here: The Shahtar Instrument

Shirzad is also an adept Maqam performer and has his unique style which he uses to perform the customized tanbur he has built.


The Shahtar (Customized Tanbur)










TANBUR - The original two-stringed Kurdish/Persian tanbur (aka, tanbour, tambur) is the forefather of all stringed instruments in the world and dates back many thousands of years. The tanbur has a deep pear shaped body with a long neck.

The instrument is traditionally made of Mulberry wood and is fretted with cat or cow guts. The metal strings are fastened with front and side tuning pegs. In ancient times the tanbur had strings of guts.

For many centuries the pear shaped body of the instrument was carved from a single piece of wood. Ever since the 1950s the body of the instrument has been made of bent ribs of mulberry wood, instead of the traditional single piece.

The great 20th century tanbur maker Nariman along with the help of Ostad Elahi shaped the modern look of the tanbur.

The tanbur and its name date back before recorded history. Historians cannot agree about the exact origins of the Kurdish/Persian tanbur, however the first documentation of its existence comes from ancient Babylon.

There is also documentation in the form of Egyptian bas-relief sculptures that prove the instrument was in use in the 26th dynasty of Egypt (circa 600 B.C.). The ancient Greeks named it the pandoura. The name tanbur has also been applied to dozens of different instruments worldwide creating a great deal of confusion.

The instrument is also known to have been used by the Zoroastrians and in the Sassanian courts (AD 224–651).

Shah Khoshin, a saint of the Ahl-e Haqq helped popularize the instrument during the 12th century. The Kurdish tanbur and its melodies were used in spiritual gatherings (Zekr, Jam) of the Ahl-e Haqq (a.k.a. Ahl-e Hakk, Ahl-I Haqq) for meditation and chanting purposes ever since the 14th century.

Up to the 20th century the instrument was considered so sacred that it was not to be played for people outside of the Ahl-e Haqq order. Its melodies and modes were so heavily guarded that they were only passed down from master to disciple.

As with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium, the evolution of the tanbur, its melodies, and style of playing were also characterized by long periods of virtual standstill, “punctuated" by episodes of very fast development.

For thousands of years up to the beginning of the 20th century, the Kurdish/Persian tanbur only had two strings. In the early part of the 20th century, Nur Ali Elahi (a.k.a., Ostad Elahi, Nour Ali Elahi, Nur Ali Nemati, Hajj Nur Ali, Nur Ali Shah) a peerless master of the tanbur added a third string which is tuned to the same pitch as the bottom string. He also added a 14th fret.

Nur Ali Elahi’s innovations and contributions to the tanbur were extremely important and advanced the instrument to new levels.

Beyond the physical facelift the tanbur received in the 20th century, it’s method of playing also became a lot more advanced.

The derivatives of the tanbur include the Greek buzuki, the guitar, the Romanian tamburitza, the Indian sitar and tambura.



 

 

 


The Shahtar is the result of 10 years of Shirzad's research & study on the tonality of the tanbur which has culminated into the building & enhancement of the Tanbur instrument, with the conceptualization and help of master instrument builder Kazem Ziaebrahimi, Shirzad was able to build an instrument which combines 4 very important Persian instruments, the Oud, Tar, Setar & Tanbur into a full bodied instrument that has increased the range and tonal possibilities of the instrument while still being true to the original Tanbur.

By adding a fourth string, quarter tones and combining techniques unique to each one of the above instruments, his tonality, style & sound is unique among all string instruments which is why he decided to name his instrument the Shahtar.

The Shahtar also incorporates 2 pickups which further allows for the change & precision of the tonality of the instrument.

This type of instrument enhancement was last performed by one of the Persian music biggest legends, Ostad Darvish Khan which added a fourth string to the Setar instrument & a sixth string to the Tar instrument.



 

 

 

 

 

Shirzad's latest instrument was made by master instrument maker Mr. Mehdi Habibi,
watch how he makes Tanbur instruments in the below video!














The Tanbur of Baghdad (طنبور بغدادی)













This is an instrument I conceived a long time ago, it is a Dotar with Moroccan Gimbri (Sintir) strings which are made of guts, it sounds like an oud, gimbri and dotar all combined. It can be used to perform very soft and gentle music or deeply grounded Raqs Sharqi music. This instrument is based on Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's book of "The Great Book of Music" (کتاب الموسیقی الکبیر). In it, he presents philosophical principles about instruments, music, its cosmic qualities, and its influences.

He also wrote a treatise on the Meanings of the Intellect, which dealt with music therapy and discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul. Al-Farabi was a renowned early Islamic philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic. He was also a scientist, cosmologist, mathematician and music theorist.



تنبور (یا تمبور/ طنبور)، از سازهای زهیِ زخمه‌ای دسته بلند. در میان سازهای سنّتیِ رایج در ایران، تنبور از لحاظِ قدمت، گستردگی و گونه‌گونی در شکل و اندازه، بسیار قابل توجه است

از تصاویری که از هزارۀ ۲ق‌م برجا مانده، مشخص است که طول این سازها‌ به‌طور مشخص افزایش پیدا کرده است، چنان‌که در تصویری بر روی یک جام برنزی ایرانی متعلق به سده‌های ۹-۱۰ق‌م، ساز زهی دسته بلندی به طول حدود ۱۴۰ سانتی‌متر ترسیم شده است. در آثار هنری ایرانی متعلق به هزارۀ ۱ق‌م تصویر سازهای زهی از خانوادۀ تنبور کمتر به چشم می‌خورد، ولی در هزارۀ ۱م این تصاویر بارها بر روی اشیاء هنری ترسیم شده است.

یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی، دیرینگی بسیار زیاد این ساز را در ایران نشان می‌دهد. قدیم‌ترین این یافته‌ها سه تندیسک سفالین به دست آمده در شوش متعلق به ۱۵۰۰ ق م است که در دست‌های یکی از آن‌ها سازی شبیه تنبور هست. همچنین تصویری نقش شده بر تخته سنگ‌های تپه کیون جیک در حوالی شهر موصل متعلق به حدود ۱۰۰۰ ق م، نیز نوازندگانی تنبور به دست را نشان می‌دهد. صرف نظر از این یافته‌ها، از کاربرد واژه تنبور در متون فارسی میانه و پهلوی مانند منظومه درخت آسوریگ، رساله بُندَهش، کارنامه اردشیر بابکان، و رساله خسرو قبادان و ریدک وی معلوم می‌شود که نواختن این ساز دست کم در اواخر دوره اشکانی و سرتاسر دوره ساسانی در ایران رواج داشته است

در فرهنگ ایران انواع این ساز با توجه به شمار وترهای آن از یکدیگر متمایز می‌شدند، چنان‌که گاهی حتى پیشوند تنبور افتاده و ساز تنها برحسب اوتار نام‌گذاری می‌شده است، مانند دوتار، سه تار، چهار تار و شش تار.

یکی از منابع اصلی تنبورشناسی در سده های سوم و چهارم، کتاب الموسیقی الکبیر فارابی است. فارابی در این کتاب فصلی بلند را به معرفی تنبور و نحوه دستان بندی و بیان فاصله‌های آن اختصاص داده است. وی دو نوع تنبور را که در ساختمان و اندازه و نظام پرده‌بندی با یکدیگر تفاوت و در روزگار او رواج داشته اند، معرفی کرده است: یکی تنبور خراسانی رایج در خراسان و سرزمین‌های واقع در شمال و خاور این ولایت و دیگری تنبور بغدادی که در عراق و مناطق مجاور آن معمول بوده است. به گفته فارابی این سازها اغلب دو تار داشته اند

از لوح‌های سفالی شوش بر می‌آید که سازهای زهی از خانوادۀ تنبورها از ۳۰۰‘۲ سال پیش از میلاد مسیح، یعنی هزار سال پس از خانوادۀ چنگها، در بین‌النهرین ظاهر شده‌اند، تصویر نوازندگان این سازها بر روی لوح‌های سفالی عموماً به صورت زن‌های عریان و مردهای غیرعادی است

فارابی از تفاوت‌های طرز پرده‌بندی و کوک تنبور بغدادی به روش گذشتگان که آن را «الدساتین الجاهلیه» (دستانهای عصر جاهلی) خوانده، با روش معاصران خود که آن را به کمال نزدیکتر دانسته، سخن گفته است. در سدۀ ۴ق ابونصر فارابی (د ۳۳۹ق/۹۵۰م) از دو سنّت نوازندگی تنبور با عنوان بغدادی و خراسانی نام می‌برد و به تفصیل نکاتی را دربارۀ نظام دستان‌بندی تنبور در این دو سنت شرح می‌دهد

تنبور بغدادی یا میزانی به گفتۀ وی دارای دسته‌ای بلند و شامل دو وتر بود که با فواصل مختلف از یکدیگر کوک می‌شدند. فارابی پس از شرح نظام دستان‌بندی کهن این ساز که از دورۀ جاهلیت مرسوم بود، می‌افزاید: الحانی نیز که بر روی آن نواخته می‌شد، به «الحان جاهلی» موسوم بوده است

او سپس اشاره می‌کند که نوازندگان متأخر تنبور در بغداد نظام دستان‌بندی این ساز را تغییر داده، و آن را به سمت و سوی نظامی که در آن زمان بر روی ساز عود رایج بوده است، سوق داده‌اند. فارابی در تشریح تنبور خراسانی گزارش می‌دهد که ابعاد و اندازۀ آن در میان شهرهای مختلف خراسان متفاوت بوده است. او دستانهای تنبور خراسانی را به دو گروه ثابت و متبدله تقسیم کرده، و به تفصیل دربارۀ انواع تسویۀ (کوکِ) این ساز سخن رانده است

به نوشتة ابن خرداذبه در ایرانِ پیش از اسلام ، نواختن تنبور در ری ، طبرستان و دیلم بیش از سایر مناطق رواج داشته و این ساز اغلب آواز را همراهی می کرده است و در قیاس با عود بیشتر در تکنوازی از آن استفاده می شده است

فارابی * در کتاب “موسیقی کبیر” ، تنبور بغدادی را از انواع معروف سازهای گروه تنبور ذکر می کند. به گفته او این ساز را در شهرهای عراق و حوالی آن و نیز مغرب و جنوب آن می نواختند. تنبور بغدادی کاسه کوچکتر از تنبور خراسان داشته و ۲ سیم بر آن می بستند. برای پرده بندی آن نیز طول بین شیطانک و خرک را تقسیم بر ۸ کرده و پرده ای بر آن جا می بستند

ین پرده دارای نسبت ۸/۷ طول سیم و نسبت فاصله ای ۷/۸ می باشد. سپس این فاصله به ۵ قسمت مساوی تقسیم شده و به این ترتیب عملا طول سیم به ۴۰ قسمت طولی مساوی تقسیم می شد. ۵ تقسیم اولیه در نوازندگی این ساز مهمترین نقش را داشته اند. به گفته فارابی می توان در این ساز بقایای پرده بندی پیش از اسلام رامشاهده کرد. در شکل ۱ می توان تمام نسبتهای حاصل از این سیستم را در محدوده ۱ اکتاو مشاهده نمود. شکل ۱ نشاندهنده سیمی است که بین خرک و شیطانک یک ساز فرضی قرار گرفته است.

از جمله کوکهای رایج در تنبور بغدادی می توان موارد زیر را برشمرد:

۱- همصدایی دو سیم ۲- کوک بر اساس وجود ۱ فاصله مشترک بین دو سیم



مثال ۱:کوک سیم پایین با فاصله ۱۹/۲۰ (معادل ۸۸.۸۰۰۷ سنت) زیر تر از سیم بالایی مطابق با دومین پرده. این کوک رایج ترین کوک تنبور بغدادی بوده است. مثال ۲: کوک دو سیم با فاصله چهارم درست (۳/۴)

مثال ۳: کوک دو سیم به فاصله سوم بزرگ (۴/۵)

بررسی فواصل طبیعی در سیستم ۴۰-EDL و در تنبور بغدادی

سیستم فواصل طولی علی رغم ساختار خاص خود، سری فواصل “طبیعی” راتولید می نماید. درشکل ۳ نام پاره ای از فواصل طبیعی مربوط به تنبور بغدادی را مشاهده می نمایید

تنبور از طریق حیره، مرکز ملوک لخمی، به جزیرة العرب راه یافت و در قرن‌های نخستین اسلامی از آن‌جا به کشورهای اروپایی رفت. این ساز که در حیره به طُنبور/ طنبوره شهرت یافت، در یونان تامپوراس نام گرفت و از آن‌جا به آلبانی رفت و تامپورا خوانده شد. در روسیه به دومرا، در سیبری و مغولستان دومبره یا دمبوره، و در روم شرقی باندورا یا پاندورا نام گرفت و سایر اقوام اروپایی که از طریق روم شرقی با این ساز آشنا شدند، اسم پاندورا، ماندوره و باندوره و صورتهای دیگر کلمه پاندورا را بر آن نهادند. نام این ساز در چین، تنپولا است که تفاوت چندانی با نام‌های آن در سایر مناطق جهان ندارد. به گفته ریمان، سازی که در هندوستان با نام تمبوری متداول است، همان تنبور عربی یا ایرانی است.

جلیل قریشی زاده کرمانشاهی متخلص به وفا غزلی نیکو در معرفی تنبور سروده است

بانگ سحری از تب تنبور برآمد
عشق آتش سر کش شد و از طور برآمد
رندانه زدی قصه ی هجرانی ما را
مستانه به رقص عاشق مهجور برآمد
نزدیکی جان هاست به هم نغمه ی تنبور
با طرز تو فریاد دل از دور برآمد
شور طرب انگیز هنر مستی جان شد
از هستی ظلمت زده ام نور برآمد
غوغای طرب سوز غم این دل پر درد
آهی شد و از سینه ی رنجور برآمد
آتش به همه هستی این بی خبران زد
سرخ آه غمی کز لب منصور برآمد
ساز تو غم آواز مرا زمزمه می کرد
فریاد دل از ناله ی تنبور برآمد
مست می ساز تو سر از پای ندانست
ساقی همه شب می زد و مخمور برآمد
از نغمه ی تنبور خلیل آتش نمرود
خاموش شد و غنچه ی مستور برآمد
خورشید خروشید و رخ از پرده به در کرد
خم خانه خراب از شب دیجور برآمد
دف عربده جو در صف رندان قلندر
از سینه ی تنبور مگر شور برآمد
ساز تو مرا نای قفس گیر نفس شد
گلبانگ غزل شکوه چنان صور برآمد
تنبور تو و شعر وفا کرد قیامت
هر مرده ی ماتم زده از گور برآمد


مولانا جلال الدین محمد بلخی ( مولوی ) عارف بزرگ ایرانی در دیوان کبیر غزلیاتش موسوم به دیوان شمس تبریزی چندین بار کلمه ی تنبور را ذکر فرموده اند که در این پست غزلی چند از آن دیوان عرضه می گردد:

دوش در مهتاب دیدم مجلسی از دور مست
طفل مست و پیر مست و مطرب تنبور مست
ماه داده آسمانرا جرعه ای زان جام می
ماه مست و مهر مست و سایه مست و نور مست
بوی زان می چون رسیده بر دماغ بوستان
سبزه مست و آب مست و شاخ مست انگور مست
خورده رضوان ساغری از دست ساقی الست
عرش مست و فرش مست و خلد مست و حور مست
زین طرف بزم شهانه از شراب نیم جوش
تاج مست و تخت مست و قیصر و فغفور مست
شمس تبریزی شده از جرعه ای مست و خراب
لاجرم مست است و از گفتار خود معذور مست













The Tambourine (الرق)



RIQQ - (الرق), Daf (Persian: دف‎), (English: The Tambourine) is also known as Dayereh-Zangi or Daf-e-Arabi in Farsi. This instrument is considered one of the most sacred instruments of the world & is cosidered the instruments of the Angels, Prophets and Kings.

The timbrel or tabret (also known as the tof of the ancient Hebrews, the Dap of the Persians, the Daf or Deff of Islam, the adufe of the Moors of Spain) is a very ancient musical instrument and was the principal percussion instrument of the ancient Israelites. It resembled either a frame drum or a modern tambourine.

In Hebrew the musical instrument is named after a woman. It is called tof Miriam – literally “drum of Miriam,” a reference to the role that the sister of Moses and Aaron played in leading the Israelites in a celebratory song thanking God for splitting the Red Sea to get them out of Egypt.

The name for “tambourine” (also called “timbrel”) comes from the section of Exodus known in Hebrew as Shirat Hayam (Song of the Sea) or Shirat Miriam (Song of Miriam), which includes the verse: “And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel [tof, today used as the generic word for “drum”] in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances” (Exodus 15:20).

The small hand drum with metal chimes is commonly played by women, and was even used in the cults of goddesses like Astarte and Isis.

The word timbrel is used in the Hebrew Bible in both singular and plural form, so as to suggest the former referred to a hoop of wood or metal over which was stretched a parchment head; while the latter was perhaps used to designate the tambourine with bells or jangles fixed at intervals in hoops;this is essentially a tambourine: a wooden frame drum with jangles or bells round the edges.

In the Old Testament; Nahum 2:7, where the word "tabering" occurs in the King James Version, it means beating on the breast, as drummers beat on the tabret. The Israelites learned to use the timbrel during their sojourn in Egypt, and it is stated that "it has been suggested that as the Egyptians used it to scare away their evil spirit Typhon", the word tof is derived from the latter.

The tabret or timbrel was a favorite instrument of the women, and was used with dances, as by Miriam, to accompany songs of victory, or with the harp at banquets and processions; it was one of the instruments used by King David and his musicians when he danced before the Ark of the Covenant. It was also used in the valley of Hinnom at the sacrificial rites.

The tambourine in the Bible is referred to by several different names: tambourine, timbrel, tabret, tof, to name a few. in Hebrew the musical instrument is named after a woman. It is called tof Miriam – literally “drum of Miriam,” a reference to the role that the sister of Moses and Aaron played in leading the Israelites in a celebratory song thanking God for splitting the Red Sea to get them out of Egypt.

The name for “tambourine” (also called “timbrel”) comes from the section of Exodus known in Hebrew as Shirat Hayam (Song of the Sea) or Shirat Miriam (Song of Miriam), which includes the verse: “And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel [tof, today used as the generic word for “drum”] in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances” (Exodus 15:20).

The small hand drum with metal chimes is commonly played by women, and was even used in the cults of goddesses like Astarte and Isis.

The tambourine was used for a variety of different reasons including: praise, joy, gladness, rejoicing, triumph, singing, warfare, victory, celebration, processionals, welcoming etc. It was definitely an instrument of praise and warfare, often leading armies into battle.

The tambourine was played in a multitude of different places: in the home, on the battlefield, at feasts and celebrations etc. There is evidence that the priests in the temple took the tambourine at one time and even used it in the temple. However, when this happened it was taken away from the common people.

Although there were times in the Bible when men played the tambourine, especially the priests in the temple, it was usually associated with women and at times children. It is especially associated with maidens and young girls. It was often accompanied by dance, especially when women played it.

As the Jewish religion allowed for no images to be recorded, we do not know for sure how the tambourine was played, however, from studying neighbouring nations surrounding Israel it is thought that the tambourine was held in one hand while it was hit on the membrane with the other hand in a rhythmic manner.

It is a Middle Eastern frame drum musical instrument. The Riq is a tambourine. The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zills".

Through many centuries, the Riq (or Riqq) has been the most important percussion instrument in countries such as Egypt, Persia, Lebanon, and Syria. Traditonally, it is made out of a wooden frame with fish skin. The wooden frame has 5 bells, which come in pairs of twos. Those elaborately finished instruments have ornaments of little mosaics made of pearls, bone and horn or coloured wood.

The meaning of the Arabic word Riq translates as skin or parchment. It alludes to the thin drum skin which is partly responsible for the varied sounds. Precise, explosive beats are just as possible as subtle, tender and fragile sounds. The bells are a vivid element of the frame drum and contribute to an agile and powerful sound. The riqq can be used to play very complex rhythmic cycles and ornamentations using intricate fingering technique, and can produce a wide variety of sounds by utilizing the skin, the wood frame and the cymbals.

The riqq is usually the only percussion instrument in a takht (lit; Court, traditional Arabic chamber group) and its player is called dabet al-iqa‘ (controller/manager of rhythm).

The Riq is often held vertically with both hands on the lower side. The drum skin points away from the player's body. The thumbs hold the frame and the fingers are used to play. One bell is right in the middle of both hands. When the skin is being hit and the instrument is rhythmically moved or shaken the bells begin to make a sound. If the bells are intended to make only a few sounds the Riq is tilted a bit. If the player has trouble to hold the Riq it can also be placed in the lap, so the arms relieved.

Those playing this instrument can tap the jingles, shake it backward and forward, shake it in a twisting way, slap it, and use their fingers. There are many ways to make this instrument produce its characteristic sounds.

The Riqq (الرق) instrument was used in Persian Royal Court Music throughout history as depicted in miniature paintings and was a fundamental part of The Royal Court Musical System of Persia also known as Khosravani (خسروانی) musical system.

Until 70 years ago, without the Riq Arabic arts music was simply unthinkable. Although the frame drum is not bigger than a plate, it is a highly esteemed instrument in classic Arabic music, due to its rich sounds and diverse sound colours, but also due to its demanding playing techniques that challenge the player.

Today, in most ensembles the Riq has been replaced by the Darbuka, and, as a consequence, has eventually lost its significance. Nowadays, there are only a few musicians around that have mastered playing the Riqq.

The Persian Riqq (دایره زنگی ایرانی)

رِق (عربی: رق‎) (همچنین riqq یا RIK نوشته می‌شود) نوع از دایره زنگی است که به عنوان یک آلت موسیقی سنتی در موسیقی عربی استفاده می‌شود. این ساز یک ابزار مهم در موسیقی محلی و کلاسیک در سراسر جهان عرب زبان است. رق به‌طور سنتی دارای یک قاب چوبی است گرچه امروه ممکن است از فلز نیز ساخته شود. در اطراف دیواره‌ی ساز تعدادی سنج قرار دارد. پوسته‌ی نازک و نیمه شفافی نیز از جنس پوست ماهی، بُز یا اخیراً یک ماده مصنوعی بر روی لبه ساز کشیده می‌شود. قطر رق بین ۲۰ تا ۲۵ سانتی‌متر است. رق نام خود را در قرن نوزدهم به دست آورد تا از دُف و سایر سازهای کوبه ای متمایز باشد

قاب ریک را می‌توان در دو طرف داخلی و خارجی با خاتم کاری مانند مروارید، عاج یا چوب تزئینی مانند زردآلو یا لیمو پوشاند. ده جفت سنج کوچک دارد (حدود شش سانتی‌متر قطر)، در پنج جفت شکاف نصب شده‌است. پوست ماهی یا بز جوان روی قاب چسبانده و محکم می‌شود. در مصر رق معمولاً ۲۰ سانتی‌متر عرض و حدود ۶ سانتی‌متر ضخامت دارد. در عراق کمی بزرگتر است

رق تغییرات زیادی را در طول دو دهه گذشته تجربه کرده‌است. این ساز به طور سنتی دارای یک قاب چوبی است که پوست حیوان به آن چسبیده است. گاهی رطوبت و دما، پوست طبیعی را تا حدی شُل می‌کند که صدای ساز نامطلوب می‌شود. سازندگان اخیراً با استفاده از پوست نایلونی، محافظ فلزی و پیچ و مهره، مشکل تغییر کوک پوست را حل کرده اند. اما سنگین شدن رق، نواختنش را کمی دشوار کرده است